Why Do I Need to Start a Business? Why Can't I Just Sell Stuff?

My friends and I enjoy doing crafts and we want to sell them at craft fairs, but we are told we must pay sales taxes and get a tax ID. Is that true? What if we just want to sell stuff and divide up the income? Why can't we do that without all the hassle of forming a business?


Many people are in business without knowing it. They ask the question above and wonder how to deal with issues like sales taxes and income taxes. To be "in business" means something very different today than it did years ago, in a different tax and legal climate.

Why form a business? Why not just "sell stuff?"
f you are offering merchandise or services to the general public, here are 5 reasons why you need to adopt a specific business form:

Reason #1: To protect your company from liability.
All businesses have some liability, and some more than others. For example, if you are starting a day-care business or selling a product that may cause injury or illness to others, you have some serious liability issues and you need to protect your personal assets from liability suits. Even a simple online business has the risk of debt liability--if the business can't pay its debts, you cannot protect your personal assets from being seized by creditors unless your business entity is separate from your personal entity.You can purchase business liability insurance, but you also should consider a business form that limits your personal liability.

A sole proprietorship is the simplest type of business entity, but this type won't protect you from liability. If you are the only owner, you can still set up a limited liability company (LLC) with little expense, to provide you with liability protection. Setting up a corporation may be the best way to structure your business if your liability is higher.

Reason #2: To protect owner relationships and investments.
Another protection to consider is between owners. If more than one person owns the business, you need some kind of agreement to describe how the business is to be run, how to divide up the profits and losses, and what happens if someone leaves the business, get divorced, or dies, or a thousand other "what if" scenarios. And, by the way, an agreement is not a do-it-yourself task; get an attorney to help with this project.

Read more about partnership agreement terms

Read more about Factors to consider in selecting a business type.

Reason #3: To comply with federal, state, and local laws and regulations.
Selling something that is subject to sales taxes (as most products are) means you must collect, record, and pay sales taxes to your state. If you are selling your services, these may not be subject to sales taxes, but you may need to pay other taxes, like property taxes or excise taxes.

To "sell stuff" without forming a specific business structure (even a sole proprietorship) and not getting the appropriate business licenses and permits puts you at risk of heavy fines and penalties for not complying with the law. Selling at a local flea market or craft fair, for example, may cause a city to fine you for not having a license. Even if it sounds like more trouble than it is worth to comply with these laws and regulations, you will pay a heavy price for ignoring them.

Read more about local licenses and permits, and about how to collect, report, and pay sales taxes.

Reason #4: For employee issues.
If you have employees, you definitely must be in a formal business structure. You will need an Employer ID (EIN) and you will have to designate a business type for that application. If you hire independent contractors instead of employees, you still need an employer ID, because you must report amounts paid to independent contractors over $600 a year.

Read more about how to set up a payroll system.


Reason #5: To take advantage of business tax deductions.
The positive part of adopting a specific legal structure, paying business taxes, and complying with regulations is the benefit you get from deducting your business expenses from your business income to reduce your taxes. If you don't set up a specific business entity, you can't deduct these expenses. For example, if you work from your home and you have a place where you regularly and exclusively" work on your business, you can deduct costs for the use of this part of your home

Read more about home business taxes and common small business tax deductions.

The Simplest Way to Start a Business
It's really not that difficult to start a business, to comply with laws and regulations and to protect your business from liability. Here are simple steps to creating a formal business structure and registering with licensing and regulatory agencies:

Get a business name
Start a sole proprietorship or, if you are concerned about liability issues, form a limited liability company.
If there is more than one person in the business, put together an agreement to describe how you will operate the business and what happens if something change.
Get local licenses and permits and register with your state for income tax and, if applicable, sales tax purposes.
Get an Employer ID number (EIN), even if you will have no employees.
Get a business checking account and use accounting software to keep track of business expenses.

The 9 Core Competencies of Business

Good Morning, Active Duty, Veterans and Military Spouses. It’s Business Morning Monday and today’s post is about the 9 Core Competencies of Business. The 9 Core Competencies of Business is what we teach in our Essentials of Entrepreneurship Program for Veterans and Military Spouses at Capital Business Consulting and Coaching. So, please allow me to introduce to you these concepts:

Core Competency #1:   Entrepreneurial Thinking

                Entrepreneurial thinking is having the ability to see the opportunities in front of you. For example, I was listening to my father consult with a young man in Illinois regarding starting gun range and small firearms customizing store. My father explained how in light of the recent change in the laws in Illinois, the young man’s venture should be very profitable. The young man couldn’t see why the venture would be profitable stating “the farmers just let everyone practice in their fields.” My father reminded him of the new law, and the fact that, historically, in states that pass this law, the purchase of firearms goes up and the need for qualified trainers increases exponentially. Needless to say, the young man, a former Army sniper, has begun his business and has been profitable in less than 3 months. However, at first, he couldn’t even see the opportunity. Click HERE for another great article about "How Military Veterans Are Finding Success In Small Business" from Entrepreneur.com

Core Competency #2: Business Visioning

                Business Visioning is having the ability to accurately assess and assign resources to the business idea. Essentially, you are taking what you have and figuring out what you will need to bring your product or service to the marketplace. Click here to read how Tom Spottiswood, Ret. Army, decided to find another path to success for himself when his post-military career didn't go as planned (Source: NaVOBA)

Core Competency #3: Business Planning

                Business planning is formalizing and solidifying your concept on paper. With the business plan we create the foundation and the framework for the business.

Core Competency #4: Marketing Your Business

                There is a lot of information regarding marketing on the Internet so; I won’t go into it “ad nauseum” here. I’ll just say that marketing is merely figuring out who wants to buy what you are selling and how you are going to let them know you are in business.

Core Competency #5: Salesmanship

                Oh, the dreaded “S” word! Let’s be honest, folks, whether you know it or not, or whether you want to admit it or not, we’re all in the sales business. The old adage is true:   “Nothing happens in the world until a sale is made.”

Core Competency #6: Managing Your Operations

Managing your operations is essentially how you are going to produce and deliver your product or service and deliver it to your customer. Finally, ensuring that the people you need to pay have been paid. Operations can be as simple or as complex as you need them to be, however, all businesses try to streamline operations to maximize profit.

Core Competency #7: Managing Your Mindset

What does your personal mindset have to do with running your own business? A lot! But, we’ll just say we talk about time management, life management, wealth management, self- management and energy management strategies that catapult you and your business to the top.

Core Competency #8: Managing Your Team

                The term “self-made millionaire” is a misnomer. There is no such a thing as a “self-made millionaire.” It always takes a team. How you choose to manage your team of independent contractors, employees and consultants is fundamental to your success.

Core Competency #9: Shifting from Business Doer to Business Owner

                This is the final section where we show you that your “baby” is really an asset, an appreciating asset that can be bought or sold like any other asset. If you do all the steps correctly you can your execute the exit strategy, either by growing the business, selling the business or entering the entrepreneurial lifestyle.

So, there they are, the 9 Core Competencies of Business. As you can see, the concepts are super simple and we teach the actions that go along with these concepts to our clients. And, by the way, my company usually has a business up and running and profitable, on average, in about 90 days unlike many of those “free” programs who see their clients touting success in 5 years or greater! We have new classes starting all the time. Happy Holidays to you and yours!
- See more at: http://deannawharwood.com/blog/9-core-competencies-business/#sthash.8lpbhAwR.dpuf

Types of Economic System

Types of Economic System



Marxist-Leninist Communist states (red) and formerly Communist-run (orange) countries of the world.
There are several basic questions that must be answered in order for an economy to run satisfactorily. The scarcity problem, for example, requires answers to basic questions, such as: what to produce, how to produce it, and who gets what is produced. An economic system is a way of answering these basic questions, and different economic systems answer them differently. Many different objectives may be seen as desirable for an economy, like efficiency, growth, liberty, and equality.
Economic systems can be divided by the way they allocate economic inputs (the means of production) and how they make decisions regarding the use of inputs. A common distinction of great importance is that between capitalism (a market economy) and socialism (economic planning).
In a capitalist economic system, production is carried out to maximize private profit, decisions regarding investment and the use of the means of production are determined by competing business owners in the marketplace; production takes place within the process of capital accumulation. The means of production are owned primarily by private enterprises and decisions regarding production and investment determined by private owners in capital markets. Capitalist systems range from laissez-faire, with minimal government regulation and state enterprise, to regulated and social market systems, with the stated aim of ensuring social justice and a more equitable distribution of wealth (see welfare state) or ameliorating market failures (see economic intervention).
In a socialist economic system, production is carried out to directly satisfy economic demand by producing goods and services for use; decisions regarding the use of the means of production are adjusted to satisfy economic demand, investment (control over the surplus value) is carried out through a mechanism of inclusive collective decision-making. The means of production are either publicly owned, or are owned by the workers cooperatively. A socialist economic system that is based on the process of capital accumulation, but seeks to control or direct that process through state ownership or cooperative control to ensure stability, equality or expand decision-making power, are market socialist systems.
The basic and general economic systems are:
Market economy ("hands off" systems, such as Laissez-faire capitalism)
Mixed economy (a hybrid that blends some aspects of both market and planned economies)
Planned economy ("hands on" systems, such as state socialism or state capitalism)
Traditional economy (a generic term for older economic systems)
Command (Centrally Planned) Economic Systems: (a generic term for older economic systems)
Participatory economics (a system where the production and distribution of goods is guided by public participation)


Gift economy (where an exchange is made without any explicit agreement for immediate or future rewards)
Barter economy (where goods and services are directly exchanged for other goods or services)

How can you classify government?

In the wake of WikiLeaks and the Bradley Manning case, the US government’s penchant for locking away seemingly mundane information by declaring it classified has been roundly criticized by activists and concerned citizens pushing for more transparency. But with the release of this year’s Information Security Oversight Office report to the president, it appears that the wheels are at least turning in the direction of openness. In fiscal 2012, the total number of "original classification" decisions — that is, new determinations by White House and defense officials that something ought to be classified — fell over 40 percent from the previous year, to 73,477. The oversight office notes that costs also fell by $1.66 billion, or 13 percent of all the money spent on classifying information.

THE DROP IN ORIGINAL CLASSIFICATION BECOMES A TINY ROUNDING ERROR

But that decrease is far from the full picture. "Derivative classification" is used to shield information related to something else that’s already been classified, and this justification was used to classify information in over 95million instances in 2012. By that token, the drop in original classification becomes a tiny rounding error. Nevertheless, because every derivative classification has to be traced back to some original classification decision, the reduction is likely to have far-reaching effects down the road. It’s also worth noting that the government declassified more than half of the pages it reviewed last year under mandatory declassification requests — similar to Freedom of Information Act requests, but without the option to sue in court if the application is denied.

In 2009, President Obama issued an executive order aiming to reduce the amount of new information that gets classified and release old material sooner. But while the president is pushing to fulfill campaign promises of transparency, last month’s revelations of widespread NSA spying have rekindled an intense debate on the issue of openness, both on the streets and in the capitol. In order to get the discussion moving, 16 members of Congress filed a brief with the secret Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court earlier this week to release its rulings providing the legal justification for initiatives like the NSA's telephone metadata surveillance program.

Classifying government

In political science, it has long been a goal to create a taxonomy or typology of political regimes, as typologies of political systems are not obvious. It is particularly important in the fields of political science of comparative politics and international relations.
On the surface, identifying a form of government that seems to be easy, because all governments have an official version. The United States is a federal republic, while the former Soviet Union was a socialist republic. However self-identification is not objective, and Kopstein and Lichbach support, defining regimes can be tricky.For for example, elections are an essential feature of democracy, [citation needed], but in practice elections in the former Soviet Union were not "free and fair" and took place in a one-party state. Thus, in many practical classifications, it would not be considered democratic.
Identification of a form of government is also complicated because a large number of political systems from socio-economic movements and are then transported to the governments of specific parties named after these movements, all with competing political ideologies. Experience with those movements in power, and the close relationship they may have particular forms of government, can cause them to be regarded as forms of government themselves.
Other complications are non-consensus or deliberate "bias or partiality" technical definitions reasonable political ideologies and related forms of corporate governance, due to the nature of politics in the modern era. For example: The meaning of "conservatism" of the United States has little in common with the way the definition of this word is used elsewhere. As Ribuffo (2011) notes that "what Americans now call conservatism much of the world called liberalism or neo-liberalism. Since the conservatism of the 1950s the United States was mainly associated with the Republican Party. However, at the time of segregation many Southern Democrats were conservative, and they played a key role in the conservative coalition that controlled the Congress from 1937 to 1963. "
Every country in the world is governed by a system of governance which involves at least two (or more) of the following attributes (eg, the United States is not a true capitalist society, since the government does provide social services its citizens). In addition, the opinion of a person's type of government may differ from one another (for example, some argue that the United States is a plutocracy rather than a democracy because they may believe that it is governed by rich). There are always shades of gray in any government. Even the most liberal democracies restrict political activity rival to one degree or another, and even the most tyrannical dictatorships must organize a broad base of support, it is very difficult to "categorize" each government in narrow categories.

The federal government is classifying information at a rapidly increasing pace, and every time the CIA, FBI or National Security Agency stamps a document "Top Secret," it's risking the public's right to know, says a report released Thursday by the Public Interest Declassification Board.

The current classification system, the board concluded, is "fraught with problems. In its mission to support national security, it keeps too many secrets, and keeps them too long; it is overly complex; it obstructs desirable information sharing inside of government and with the public."

The board, an official body of academics, ex-spys and transparency experts appointed by the president and Congress, does not have the power to force changes. Only the president, it says, has the power to force agencies to end an overly cautious culture of secrecy. But non-governmental organizations have questioned the administration's commitment to transparency, citing its prosecution of people who have leaked confidential documents to the press.

The National Archives have a declassification backlog of 400 million pages just for documents older than 25 years. And as computers suck up more data, the problem is getting worse. At one unnamed intelligence agency, the board found, the equivalent of 20 million four-drawer filing cabinets filled with text is classified every 18 months.

What we lose, said Nancy Soderberg, the board's chair, is "a much more rich understanding of some of the decisions of the U.S. government" as well as whistleblowers who could expose government misdeeds, since "you go to jail if you leak classified information ... most government employees don't want to break the law."

That will not change without an aggressive plan coming from the very top, she said. "Unless the White House really drives these issues, the overwhelming tendency to protect the status quo will kick in."

The White House asked the board to conduct its study of classification procedures in the first place. In November, the president signed into law a bill strengthening whistleblower protections for most government employees. At the same time, however, the administration took a hard line against those who blow the whistle outside of what it considered the proper channels.

As the lawyer for Pfc. Bradley Manning noted on Monday, while the president was signing that new whistleblower bill into law, military prosecutors were facing off in court against his client, who is accused of sending sensitive State Department cables to WikiLeaks. The Obama administration, moreover, has prosecuted more people for leaking classified information under the Espionage Act than all its predecessors combined.

The White House did not respond to a request for comment Friday afternoon.

Angela Canterbury, director of public policy for the Project on Government Oversight, argued that the smarter approach toward classification and declassification recommended by the board must be combined with a more enlightened attitude toward whistleblowers who go to the press.

"There are lots of ways to blow the whistle, and this president has done a lot to strengthen protections, particularly for those who use internal channels," she said.

But, she added, "I think there's a great concern that people are going to be punished for revealing information that never should have been marked classified in the first place."

The president should start by taking up the Public Interest Declassification Board's recommendations on classification, she said. And then it should go a step further by considering whether and how aggressively it needs to prosecute those who leak in the public interest.

"I think that certainly we have to take into account the public's interest in all disclosures, including unauthorized disclosures of classified information," she said. "It is deeply worrying that currently this administration's approach to these public disclosures is not to weigh and balance the interest of the public with potential harm, but it looks like a witch hunt."

What is Étymologie

Étymologie

«Etymologies» redirige ici. Verser l'encyclopédie, voir Etymologiae. Verser le dictionnaire Elfique, voir les Etymologies (Tolkien).
A ne pas confondre AVEC entomologie Ou L'étiologie.


Etymologie Est l'Etude de l'Histoire des mots, LEURS ORIGINES, ET LEUR commentaire Forme et signification ONT LEUR changer Au Fil du Temps. Par prolongement, Le Terme «l'étymologie [un mot]« signifie l'origine du mot en Particulier.
Verser les langues Qui Ont Une longue histoire écrite, étymologistes font usage de textes DANS CES langues et des textes sur les langues de rassembler les Connaissances sur la Façon ne faites pas les mots Ont Été Utilise au cours des Périodes ANTERIEURES de l'histoire et de Sont Quand ILS Entres Dans Les langues en question. Les étymologistes appliquent Also-les methodes de la linguistique comparée A Informations reconstruire Sur les Langues Qui de Sont Trop Vieux Pour Tout Renseignement ETRE DISPONIBLES diriger un.
En analysant les langues apparentées AVEC juin technique connuer sous le nom de La Méthode comparative, les LINGUISTES peuvent faire des déductions sur Leur langue-mère commune et son vocabulaire. Of this Façon, les racines de mots Ont Été TROUVES-qui-peut Être Tracée Tout le chemin du retour à l'origine, par Exemple, la famille des langues indo-Européennes.
Meme si la recherche étymologique origine a grandi Dans La tradition philologique, ACTUELLEMENT Beaucoup de recherches étymologiques SE FAIT sur les familles de langues Où PEU OU pas de documentation précoce is available, Comme Uralic et austronésiennes.
Le mot étymologie Vient du grec etymon, Qui signifié «vrai sens» et le suffixe-logia, désignant «l'Etude des".
Etymon is also used en anglais coulée Designer Le mot sources d'ONU mot Donne. Par Exemple, candidus latin, Qui signifié «blanc», EST L'étymologie de l'anglais candide.


Méthodes étymologistes

Les étymologistes appliquer la section Un Certain NOMBRE DE Méthodes verser Etudier l'origine des mots, ne faites pas certains de Sont:
Recherche philologique. Les Changements Dans La Forme et Le Sens Du MOT is available Tracee A L'Aide de plus les anciens textes, de s'il en Existe juin.
Faisant usage de dialectologiques donnees. La forme ous le sens du mot may présentateur des variations Entre les Dialectes, Qui peuvent Donner des indices sur son fils histoire antérieure.
La Méthode comparative. Par comparaison systématique juin des langues apparentées, étymologistes peuvent souvent Être capable de Détecter les mots Qui dérivent de la langue de Leur ancêtre commun et Qui Ont lieu, plus Tard empruntés à Une Autre langue.
L'Etude du Changement sémantique. Les étymologistes doivent souvent faire des hypothèses Sur Les Changements dans Le sens de certains mots. CES hypothèses de Sont Testees contre la Connaissance Générale des Glissements sémantiques. Par Exemple, L'HYPOTHÈSE D'UN CHANGEMENT de Sens Particulière is available justifiée fr montrant Qué Le Même Type de Changement a eu congé compensatoire DANS D'AUTRES langues.


Types de mots Origines étymologistes

Théorie étymologique reconnait Que les mots proviennent à Travers ONU NOMBRE Limité de Mécanismes de base et les majoré de Sont IMPORTANTES la formation de l'emprunt de mots Tels Que dérivation et de composition, et onomatopées et le symbolisme sonore.

Bien Que l'origine des mots nouvellement écloses Est, plus souvent ous Moins transparent, il tend à Devenir obscurcie par Le Temps en raison de sonner Changement ous Changement sémantique. En raison de fils Changement, il le pas n'est evidente de prime abord Que le mot jeu anglais Est Lié au mot sit (l'ancien Est à l'origine juin formation causal de CE DERNIER). Il Est Encore Moins évident Que bénisse Est Liée au sang (l'ancien etait à l'origine non Dérivé AVEC le sens de "marquer de sang»).

Changement sémantique may also soi Produire. Par Exemple, le mot anglais perle signifiait à l'origine «prière». Elle a acquis fils sens moderne A travers la pratique de la récitation Compter de prières en utilisant des perles.

Langue et étymologistes anglais

Anglais dérive du vieil anglais (PARFOIS Appelée anglo-saxonne), juin Variété germanique occidentale, bien au Québec fils vocabulaire courant comprend des mots de Beaucoup langues.Le vieilles racines anglaises is available VU Dans La similitude des Nombres en anglais et en allemand, en Particulier sept / sieben, Huit / acht, neuf / neun, et dix / Zehn. Pronoms de Sont also apparenté: I / mines / me ich / mein / mich, tu / toi / toi et du / dein / dich, nous / nous / wir uns, Elle / sie.

Cependant, le changement de langue a érodé de Nombreux Éléments grammaticaux, Tels Que Le Système de nom de CAS, CE Qui est grandement simplifiée en anglais moderne, et certains Éléments de vocabulaire, ne faites pas certains de Sont empruntés à la française. Bien Qué Beaucoup de mots dans Le lexique anglais viennent de langues romanes, la plupart des mots couramment Utilise en anglais de Sont d'origine germanique.

Quand les Normands Ont conquis l'Angleterre en 1066 (voir conquête normande), ILS Ont Apporte Leur langue normande AVEC EUX. Au cours de la Période anglo-normand, Qui a uni Insulaires et Territoires Continentaux, la classe Dirigeante un Parlé anglo-normand, TANDIS Que les paysans parlaient l'anglais vernaculaire de l'époque. Anglo-Norman etait conduit à l'adoption de la langue française dans L'Angleterre, aide par la circulation de langue d'oïl littérature de France.

CELA a conduit à Beaucoup de mots appariés d'origine française et anglaise. Par Exemple, Le Bœuf Est mensonge, par l'emprunt, de bœuf français moderne, veau de veau, de porc à porc et de volaille au poulet. Tous CES mots, en français et en anglais, se référent à la viande Plutôt Que POUR L'animal. Les mots Qui se référent à des animaux de ferme, d'une partie de l'Autre, Ont tendance à Être cognates de Mots DANS D'AUTRES langues germaniques. Par Exemple porcine / Schwein, vache / Kuh, veau / Kalb, et les moutons / Mouton. L'utilisation de la variante d'un Été Explique par l'idée Qué CE de Sont les seigneurs normands Qui for the plupart mangeaient de la viande (juin denrée chère) et les Anglo-Saxons Qui cultivaient les animaux. This explication Est Passé dans Le folklore commun, MAIS un Été contestée.

L'assimilation des mots foreign

Anglais un Prouvé accueillant écoulement Les mots de PLUSIEURS langues. Terminologie scientifique, par Exemple, s'appuie sur FORTEMENT LES MOTS D'ORIGINE latines et grecque, MAIS IL le ya Un grand NOMBRE D'exemples non Scientifiques. Espagnol a Donne Beaucoup de mots, salle particulier Les Dans Le Sud des Etats-Unis. Les exemples incluent Buckaroo, alligator, rodéo, intuitif, et les ONM Unis, Comme le Colorado et en Floride. Albino, palabre, masselotte, véranda, et de noix de coco du portugais; diva, prima donna, pâtes, pizza, paparazzi, et le parapluie de l'italien.
Assortiment, slalom, et ombudsman de Sont du suédois, danois et norvégien, sauna finlandais A partir; adobe, l'alcool, l'algèbre, algorithme, abricot, assassin, le calibre, le coton, le danger, veste, pot, julep, mosquée, musulman, orange, safari, canapé, et zéro de l'arabe (souvent par le biais d'Autres langues); mastodonte, alléluia, Satan, jubilé, et le rabbin de l'hébreu; la taïga, la steppe, bolchevik, et spoutnik du russe; brahman, le gourou, le karma et pundit du sanskrit; Grand Manitou, sushi, et le tsunami du japonais, dim sum, Gung Ho, courber l'échine, kumquat, ketchup, et le typhon du cantonais.
Kampong et amok de Sont de malaise, et a saigné du mot tagalog, bundok. Étonnamment, PEU d'Emprunts, cependant, proviennent d'Autres Langues Indigènes des Îles Britanniques. Celles qui-n'existe comprennent coracle, cromlech, Eisteddfod et (Probablement) flanelle, mouette et pingouin de Gallois; gogo et le whisky écossais du gaélique; pantalon bidon, et conservateur de l'irlandais et mystérieux et rusé de Scots (ou CONNEXES Nord

The Entrepreneurship Theory: An Overview

Abstract
Reviewing from the literature, the entrepreneurship theory can be clustered into three theories: Economy (macro), Sociology (group) and Psychology (individual). The economists are such as: Cantillon (1730). Jean-Baptiste Say (1800), Schumpeter (1911), Marshall (1994) Libenstein (1995) Gillis (1996), Jones (1995) etc state the conducive economy climate can encourage the entrepreneurship development by giving the first, economic opportunities; second, business information availability and third, transferring the technology.

The sociologist such as Weber (1904) argues that fourth, religions and ethnics groups have important role in the development of entrepreneurship. On the other side psychologists and other characteristics approach are such as: McClelland (1961), Palmer (1970). Kilby (1971), Sexton and Boulmer (1996), Druckers (1985), Ratter and etc mention that psychological aspect such fifth, achievement motive, risk taking, goal setting; sixth, locus of control; seventh, innovations, are very important in developing entrepreneurship.

From the 7 hypothesis developed from the literature review, the only two hypotheses accepted/supported from the 55 samples of the entrepreneurs. The accepted hypotheses for the successful entrepreneur are that first, business information availability is very importance for the entrepreneurs.

The role for the interventionists in giving the information is needed to develop the entrepreneurs. Program such training; mentoring and coaching will be very useful in this entrepreneurship program. Secondly, the high locus of control may be very important to take action to be entrepreneur. Interventionists can play the bigger role to encourage and strengthening the internal locus of control of the entrepreneurs.

I.    INTRODUCTION

The objectives of this research is to review the three theories that are economical theory related to the macro situation, sociological theory related to the social group and psychological theory related to the individual characteristics.

The word “entrepreneur” is a loanword from French. Baumol et all (1985) said that the entrepreneurship term is a loanword from French and was first defined by the Irish economist Richard Cantillon (1730). In French the verb “entreprendre” means “to undertake,” with “entre” coming from the Latin word meaning “between,” and “prendre” means “to take.” In French a person who performs a verb, has the ending of the verb changed to “eur,” comparable to the “er” ending in English.

Sullivan and Scheffrin (2003) state, that an entrepreneur is a person who has possession of an enterprise, or venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome. It is an ambitious leader who combines land, labor, and capital to create and market new goods or services.

Entrepreneur in English is a term applied to the type of personality who is willing to take upon herself or himself a new venture or enterprise and accepts full responsibility for the outcome. Jean-Baptiste Say (1800), a French economist, believed to be coined the word Entrepreneur first in about at 1800. He said an entrepreneur is “one who undertakes an enterprise, especially a contractor, acting as intermediatory between capital and labor”.

II.     RESEARCH METHODS

Content analysis

Schwandt (2001) explains that content analyses as an instrument in grounded research are usually a form of textual analysis, categorizes chunks of text according to code and blend of qualitative and quantitative factors. Content analysis can be applied in any kind of written document and making inferences by identifying special characteristics of messages. Information is condensed (classified) and made systematically comparable by applying a coding scheme.

Content analysis sometimes called textual analysis when dealing exclusively with text is a standard methodology in the social sciences for studying the content of communication. Babbie defines it as “the study of recorded human communications, such as books, websites, paintings and laws.” Lasswell formulated the core questions of content analysis: “Who says what, to whom, why, to what extent and with what effect?”

Holsti (1969) offers a broad definition of content analysis as “any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages.” Neuendorf (2002) offers a six-part definition of content analysis: “Content analysis is a summarizing, quantitative analysis of messages that relies on the scientific method (including attention to objectivity-intersubjectivity, a priori design, reliability, validity, generalizability, replicability, and hypothesis testing) and is not limited as to the types of variables that may be measured or the context in which the messages are created or presented.”

Model

From the three theories; economy related to the macro situation, sociology related to the group and psychology related to the individual, to the successful entrepreneurs, the model developed can be drawn as follow;

Samples

Samples of the entrepreneurs are 55 SMEs, who received credit from the BRI Bank. Content analysis is applied to analyze the transcript of the interview of the entrepreneurs. The types of business consist of food, souvenirs, home appliance, garment and agriculture. The success story of the entrepreneurs has been published entitled: Success Story of the Micro Entrepreneurs (Kisah Sukses Pengusaha Mikro). The successes of the entrepreneurs are defined from the bank view.

Trustworthiness and Validity of the Study

Thomas (2002) explained in how trustworthy are qualitative data that consists of consistency checks in data analysis, stakeholder checks, triangulation of data sources, and independent replication of findings. Whereas, triangulation techniques may involve: two or more data-collection methods, two or more research frameworks or perspectives, two or more data sources (using the same method) and two or more data analysis techniques.

In qualitative research, usually only related with small number of data. Application of multiple methods allows counterbalancing the strength of one another. Triangulation increases credibility of the results. Interviews are recorded with electronic devices and transcripted in writing. After all of the conversations are transcripted, the content analyzes were conducted for compilation.

Limitation

This research is limited to the samples of the entrepreneur, who received the credits and successfully pointed out by BRI. The future research can be developed for the broader samples. Even though the descriptive research is used, the hypotheses are still tested. Combine method is applied.

II.    THE ECONOMICAL THEORY

In general, the economists look at the “invisible hand” of entrepreneurship from the various angles of the opportunity, information, and technology.

Economy Opportunity

First, Schumpeter (1911) recognized the importance of the entrepreneur in exploiting opportunities and claimed that entrepreneurs would emerge if significant economic opportunities exist. Economic opportunities exist when there are disequilibria between demand and supply, more demand than supply.

Entrepreneurs will perceive and fill supply gap. Marshall (1994) says that unfortunately, the opportunities for entrepreneurs are often limited by the economic environment which surrounds them. Additionally, although entrepreneurs share some common abilities, all entrepreneurs are different, and their successes depend on the economic situations in which they attempt their endeavors.

To develop entrepreneurs, nations could increase demand by increasing welfare. Gillis (1996) states, that in order to achieve successful economic development, a country must experience both economic growth and “fundamental changes in the structure of economy”. Wilken (1979) suggests that policymakers can improve the economic factors that face potential entrepreneurs by initiating market reforms that both increase the market incentives and the availability of capital that is available to entrepreneurs.

As Leibenstein (1995) suggests, entrepreneurs are gap-fillers who perceive and correct for market deficiencies. Thus, so long as there are market deficiencies, there will naturally be demand for entrepreneurs to correct them. As a result, when governments promote the supply of entrepreneurship, they are essentially encouraging entrepreneurs to seek out what parts of the market demand them.

Hypothesis 1
The more opportunities of the businesses are, the more the entrepreneurs emerged will be to fill the opportunities gap. The less opportunities of the business are, the less the entrepreneurs emerged will be.

Among the interviewed entrepreneurs, it seems that 26 people (47%) open the business by seeing the opportunities. It means the others 29 people (53%) tend to run the business based on another reasons such as production skills. This data are not significantly support the hypothesis and the first hypotheses is not accepted.

Information

Second, Libenstein (1995) added information into the question. As Leibenstein claims, entrepreneurship arises “to make up for a market deficiency”. However, the majorities of mainstream economic models assume perfect information and clearly defined production functions. He noted that limited information, e.g. lack of market information, inadequate material sourcing information, etc. is realistic barriers to business start-ups.

Then, the establishment of information centers, e.g., industrial, trade, and export information, etc. are recommended to create entrepreneurs. Nations should produce and disseminate the information resources needed by the potential entrepreneurs.

Hypothesis 2
The more information is made available, the more entrepreneurs will emerge. The less information is made available, the fewer entrepreneurs will emerge.

The all of the entrepreneurs received information from BRI. The role of the bank as the information centre is very important to develop the successful entrepreneurs. The second hypothesis is accepted.

Technology

Third, following Schumpeter (1934) and Leibenstein (1968), entrepreneur may be defined as an individual who operates on his ‘best technique’ production function to obtain maximum possible output which is feasible with current technology and socioeconomic and physical environments. Friedman’s (1967) also mentions that an individual’s entrepreneurial competence can be specified by a production function which shows the maximum quantity of output which he is capable of producing under given conditions.

Jones (1995) says that technological change plays a central role in the explanation of economic growth, since on the steady state growth path the rate of per capita growth equals the rate of technological change. The particular functional form of knowledge production is explained by the assumption that the efficiency of knowledge production is enhanced by the historically developed stock of scientific-technological knowledge. Even the same number of researchers becomes more productive if the stock of knowledge increases over time

It can be found that the recipient nations in on going global movement and transfer of technology tend to have more entrepreneurs. For example, the movement of the computer technology to the low technology countries created entrepreneurs in a very wide field including the so many dealers and value added retailers in a very wide field including computer schools (training, undergraduate, graduate and doctoral), services and repairs, software consultants, etc.

Hypothesis 3
The greater a nation to transfer the technology is, the more entrepreneurs will emerge. The lower a nation to transfer the technology is, the fewer entrepreneurs will emerge.

The only 3 entrepreneurs (5%) are related to the technology even very low technology industry from 55 entrepreneurs. The third hypothesis is not accepted.

Among others, one major question of this theory is, given a favorable or conducive climate for enterprise formation, why is it that only a few (at best, only certain groups) can exploit the economic opportunities available? Can everyone in the same environment become entrepreneurs?

III.    THE SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY

The sociologist came to the rescue. They asked why some groups are more entrepreneurial than others. Among the many others, the more popular views took religion and ethnicity as important variables. Weber related the rise of capitalism to the change of the religious worldview, particularly among the Protestants in Europe.

He claimed that Protestants are indeed successful entrepreneurs. Weber (1904) also attributed the success of mass production partly to the Protestant ethic. Only after expensive luxuries were disdained, could individuals accept the uniform products, such as clothes and furniture, that industrialization offered.

But, why are other world-class religions such as Shinto or Buddhism in Japan and the Moslems in the Middle East can likewise produce successful entrepreneurs? And are other Protestant groups in other continents did not become entrepreneurially successful as their Euro counterparts?

The ethnic view claimed that some ethnic groups tend to be more entrepreneurial than others. Canella (1986) informs the famous examples, the Marwars in India, the Tamangs of Nepal, the Chinese communities in Hongkong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and selected areas in the United States, The Lebanese in the Middle East, The Cebuanos in the Philipines and The Padangs in Indonesia.

Deep in the ethnic view is the thought that entrepreneurs are born and not created.

Hypothesis 4
The entrepreneurs are likely to be born according to the origin of ethnics group, rather than to be created.

Only two people (4%) of the entrepreneurs run their business inheriting their parents. So, there are much more entrepreneurs (53 entrepreneurs or 96%) who have to learn by themselves to be entrepreneurs. There are only 6 Padang people out of 55 people who are well known to be entrepreneur ethnic groups. Other people can also be successful entrepreneurs; even they are not Padang people. The forth hypothesis is not accepted.

If this ever, there is very little role for interventionists in this view.

IV. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY

Shaped by their own tools, the psychologists tend to focus on individuals. A modern synthesis of the entrepreneur is someone who specializes in taking judgmental decisions about the coordination of scarce resources (Lazear, 2005). In this definition, the term “someone” emphasizes that the entrepreneur is an individual. The more popular views ask why some individuals become entrepreneurs, and others do not. Three of the popular views are briefly presented below.

Achievement Motive

First, McClelland (1961) contends that generally human beings have three social motives, viz.; achievement, affiliation, and power motives. He further found that successful entrepreneurs have relatively high achievement motive or need for achievement (Nach). By participating, in a systematic training, like Achievement Motivation training (AMT), one can increase his or her achievement motive. Achievement motives consist of goal setting, moderate risk taking and feedback.

Swoboda, (1983). claims that an entrepreneur will be willing to bear the risk of a new venture if he believes that there is a significant chance for profit and suggests that the role of the entrepreneur is that of a risk-bearer in the face of uncertainty and imperfect information.

Marshall (1994) cites that entrepreneurs must have the ability to foresee changes in supply and demand and be willing to act on such risky forecasts in the absence of complete information.

Cantillon (1755) mentions that entrepreneur works for uncertain wages, so to speak, and all others for certain wages until they have them, although their functions and their rank are very disproportionate. The General who has a salary, the Courtier who has a pension, and the Domestic who has wages, are in the latter class. All the others are entrepreneurs, whether they establish themselves with a capital to carry on their enterprise, or are entrepreneurs of their own work without any capital, and they may be considered as living subject to uncertainty.

Entrepreneur was considered earlier as a risk-taker as Kilby (1971) portrayed an entrepreneur as the individual who assumed the risk for the firm. Similar perspective was echoed by Palmer (1970), Sexton and Bowman (1986), Ray (1990, 1994) among others.

Hypothesis 5
The higher the achievement motive owned by someone is, the higher the possibilities that the person will, sooner or later, become an entrepreneur. The lower the achievement motive owned by someone is, the lower the possibilities that the person will become an entrepreneur.

Based on the interview, none of the 55 entrepreneurs really want to be entrepreneur. 4 people (7%) open the business after working in the same field of business from other people. One person (2%) opens the business due to the terminated from his previous employment. Just the same, only one person becomes an entrepreneur after retiring from teaching in a junior high school. The entrepreneurs do not have any goal setting to be entrepreneur or calculating the risk to be entrepreneur. The fifth hypothesis is not accepted.

The McClleland’s theory raised many questions. Some of them are:

Can the process be reversed? Using the same methodology suggested by McClelland, some psychologists found that some professionals, who are not entrepreneurs, but ordinary mortals like managers, government officers, or facilitators/trainers, also showed relatively high scores on achievement motive. Hence, high achievement is not necessarily owned by entrepreneurs only. Therefore, the Achievement Motivation Training graduates can become a manager, a government official, a teacher, or just about any other successful person, including but not necessarily becoming entrepreneurs. Thus, the achievement motive is not a very significant factor in developing entrepreneurs.

The emergence of numerous successful entrepreneurs who achieved very high scores on affiliation motive negates McClelland’s concept. These entrepreneurs became successful because of high affiliation motive such as wide networking, high visibility, and significant access to the powers that be.

Business done by entrepreneurs is a rational matter. Will social motives, mainly achievement motive, be likewise suitable for developing entrepreneurs? Why do not we focus on developing the economic or business motives for entrepreneurs?

Locus of Control

Second, Ratter states that successful entrepreneur should have high internal locus of control or high self-confidence, where some one believes that something is happened because of his/her efforts and actions and it is not because of luck merely. Someone has high external locus of control, it does not suit to be entrepreneur.

According to Praag (1995), opportunity is “the possibility to become self- employed if one wants to.” The primary factors affecting opportunity include one’s intrinsic entrepreneurial ability, starting capital, ease of entry into the market, and the general macroeconomic environment.

Alternatively, willingness is the relative valuation of work in self-employment compared to one’s other options for employment. In terms of opportunity cost, an individual’s willingness is positive whenever self-employment is perceived as the best available career option. Thus, willingness is inherently affected by the anticipated market incentives that are available for would-be entrepreneurs, namely profit and economic benefits.

Hypothesis 6
The higher the internal locus of control is, the higher the person to be entrepreneur will be. The higher the external locus of control is, the lower the person to be entrepreneur will be.

The question is that so many people have high external locus of control also be a successful entrepreneurs. For example, almost all Chinese do layout their offices for their business according to their traditional layout. (In Chinese, it is called “Feng Sui” or “Hong Sui”).

Chinese believes that layout without this system will be unsuccessful in a business. Many Chinese assume that business success is caused mainly due to the luck (in Chinese is called “hokee”). Entrepreneurs in making planning use horoscope to the future or “shio”, it is not only using scientific method and so many paranormal and magician act as advisors for the successful entrepreneurs.

However, from this research, even 55 entrepreneurs do not really want to be entrepreneur and most of them (49 people or 89%), instantly run their businesses, with all of the difficulties to be solved. High self confidence to develop the owned business is the main prime mover. They work hardly with inner direction to be success in their businesses. The sixth hypothesis is accepted.

Innovation

Third, Schumpeter (1934) contends that an entrepreneur devises new products, services or production methodologies to maximize production. Drucker (1985) indeed defined entrepreneurship as innovation in a production unit as the entrepreneur generates new approaches in order to obtain maximum possible output from limited resources.

Cantillon (1730) formally defines the entrepreneur as the ‘agent’ who buys means of production at certain prices in order to combine them into a new product. Say (1816) supported this arguing that entrepreneur brings all other factors of production together in order to build a single productive organism. Leibenstein (1995) suggests that entrepreneurs have the ability to combine various inputs into new innovations in order to satisfy unfulfilled market demand.

Although many economists accept the idea that entrepreneurs are innovators, it can be difficult to apply this theory of entrepreneurship to less developed countries. Often in less developed countries, entrepreneurs are not truly innovators in the traditional sense of the word.

For example, entrepreneurs in less developed countries rarely produce brand new products; rather, they imitate the products and production processes that have been invented elsewhere in the world (typically in developed countries).

Drucker (1985) mentions that this process, which occurs in developed countries as well, is called “creative imitation” The term appears initially paradoxical; however, it is quite descriptive of the process of innovation that actually occurs in less developed countries.

Creative imitation takes place when the imitators better understand how an innovation can be applied, used, or sold in their particular market niche (namely their own countries) than do the people who actually created or discovered the original innovation.

Thus, the innovation process in less developed countries is often that of imitating and adapting, instead of the traditional notion of new product or process discovery and development.
Schumpeter, (1951) defines the entrepreneur as the “agent who buys means of production at certain prices in order to combine them” into a new product

Hypothesis 7
The more innovative the people are, the more the people to be entrepreneurs will be. The less innovative the people are, the less the people to be entrepreneur will be.

From the 55 entrepreneurs, the only two can be considered as innovators that are tempura meat ball and three wheels motorcycles. Most of the entrepreneurs run with the usual products and standard business. The seventh hypothesis is not accepted.

CONCLUSIONS

The recapitulation of the research result can tabled as follow:

From the 7 hypothesis developed from the literature review, the only two hypotheses accepted from the 55 samples of the entrepreneurs. The accepted hypotheses for the successful entrepreneur are that first, information is very importance for the entrepreneurs.

The role for the interventionists is needed to develop the entrepreneurs. Program such training; mentoring and coaching will be very useful in this entrepreneurship program. Secondly, the high locus of control must be very important to take action to be entrepreneur

APPENDIX

Type of Business
Food
1.    Fried chip
2.    Bean Sprouts
3.    Nata de coco
4.    Steam and salted fish
5.    Cracker eel
6.    Banana chips
7.    Tumbu sugar
8.    Tapioca
9.    Coffee
10.    Coconut milk
11.    Smoked fish
12.    Kudus Thick Porridge
13.    Mlinjo Chips
14.    Tempura mead balls
15.    Lempuk durian
16.    Roasted peanuts
17.    Chicken meat seller
18.    Cassava chips
19.    Aloe vera

Souvenir
20.    Gold jewelry
21.    Souvenir for wedding
22.    Leather handy craft
23.    Ceramic craft
24.    Mask handycraft
25.    Toy
26.    Mendong handy craft
27.    Antique brass
28.    Banana leaves photo album
29.    Balinese gamelan
30.    Leather puphet
31.    Water hyantich
32.    Painting studio
33.    Natural stones

Home appliances
34.    Rattan furniture
35.    Bricks
36.    Plate stone
37.    House
38.    Gypsum

Garment
39.    Sandals
40.    Women underwear
41.    Woven clothes
42.    Balinese woven clothes
43.    Hand embroidery
44.    Embroidery veils
45.    Ulos
46.    Shuttle cock (others)

Agriculture
47.    Apple cultivation
48.    Vegetable plantation
49.    Fishing area
50.    Flower cultivation
51.    Plant seeding
52.    Mahkota Dewa

Technology
53.    Car exhaust
54.    Three wheels motor cycle
55.    Stove tanks

Location of entrepreneurs
Central Java            11
East Java            10
Jakarta and Jabodetabek    9
West Sumatra    (Padang)    6
Bali                 4
South Sulawesi        3
West Java            3
Bengkulu            3
Jogja                2
North Sulawesi        2
Others                5

References

1. Bank BRI, Kisah Sukses Pengusaha Mikro, Penerbit PPM, 2005.
2. Babbie, Earl, http://www.experiencefestival.com/earl_babbie
3. Baumol, William J. 1968. “Entrepreneurship in Economic Theory.” American Economic Review 58: 64–71. In Nicolai J. Foss and Peter G. Klein Entrepreneurship and the Economic Theory of the Firm: Any Gains from Trade? Center for Knowledge Governance, Department of Management, Politics, and Philosophy, Copenhagen Business School, Blaagaardsgade 23B, 2200 Copenhagen N; Denmark 17 August 2004.
4. Baumol, William J, Litan Robert E, Scharmm, Carl J, Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity in Peter Drucker, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (1985).
5. Canela, Eduado Q, Interview, Magsaysay Award Receivers, Philippines (2006).
6. Cantillon, Richard (1730) in Schmude, Jurgen ; Welter, Friederike ; Heumann, Stefan, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 2008.
7. Cantillon, Richard http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur;http://www.mne.psu.edu/lamancusa/Entrepn/Module1/Lecture/Entre.doc
8. Casson, Mark. 2005. “Review of Scott Shane, A General Theory of Entrepreneurship,” Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2003. Small Business Economics, 24(5), 423-430. in Zoltan J. Acs, David B. Audretsch, Pontus Braunerhjelm and Bo Carlsson,  Paper No.77, The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship, CESIS, Electronic Working Paper Series, November 2006.
9. Drucker, P. (1985) Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Heinemann, London.
10. Harvey Leibenstein, Allocative efficiency v. “x-efficiency” in American Economic Review 1983: 831-842, in Wikipedia.
11. Kirzner, I. M. (1973) Competition and Entrepreneurship, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. In Ruhul Amin Salim, Modelling entrepreneurship in, small-scale enterprises, Curtin Business School (CBS), GPO Box U1987, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA 6845, Australia, Applied Economics Letters, 2005, 12, 51–57
12. Kirzner, Israel M. 1979. Perception, Opportunity and Profit: Studies in the Theory of Entrepreneurship, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1983. In Nicolai J. Foss and Peter G. Klein Entrepreneurship and the Economic Theory of the Firm: Any Gains from Trade? Center for Knowledge Governance, Department of Management, Politics, and Philosophy, Copenhagen Business School, Blaagaardsgade 23B, 2200 Copenhagen N; Denmark 17 August 2004.
13. Lasswell, Harlod D,http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ000322&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ000322;http://www.utexas.edu/coc/journalism/SOURCE/j363/lasswell.html;http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047261http://www.ipsonet.org/index.php?go=awards-lasswell
14. Leibenstein, H. (1987) Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial training and X-efficiency theory, Journal of Economic, Behavior & Organization, 8(2), 191–205. In Ruhul Amin Salim, Modelling entrepreneurship in, small-scale enterprises, Curtin Business School (CBS), GPO Box U1987, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA 6845, Australia, Applied Economics Letters, 2005, 12, 51–57
15. McClelland, D. C. (1961) The Achieving Society, D. Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ.
16. Romer, Paul. M. 1990. “Endogenous Technological Change.” Journal of Political Economy, 98 (5, Part 2), S71-S102. in Zoltan J. Acs, David B. Audretsch, Pontus Braunerhjelm and Bo Carlsson,  Paper No.77, The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship, CESIS, Electronic Working Paper Series, November 2006.
17. Say, J. B. (1816) A Treatise on Political Economy or the Distribution and Consumption of Wealth, A. M. Kelly, Publishers, New York. In Ruhul Amin Salim, Modelling entrepreneurship in, small-scale enterprises, Curtin Business School (CBS), GPO Box U1987, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA 6845, Australia, Applied Economics Letters, 2005, 12, 51–57
18. Schumpeter, J. A. (1934), The Theory of Economic Development, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. In Ruhul Amin Salim, Modelling entrepreneurship in, small-scale enterprises, Curtin Business School (CBS), GPO Box U1987, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA 6845, Australia, Applied Economics Letters, 2005, 12, 51–57
19. Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1949. “Economic Theory and Entrepreneurial History.” In Change and the Entrepreneur: Postulates and Patterns for Entrepreneurial History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. In Nicolai J. Foss and Peter G. Klein Entrepreneurship and the Economic Theory of the Firm: Any Gains from Trade? Center for Knowledge Governance, Department of Management, Politics, and Philosophy, Copenhagen Business School, Blaagaardsgade 23B, 2200 Copenhagen N; Denmark 17 August 2004.
20. Schwandt, Thomas A. Dictionary of Qualitative Inquiry. 2nd ed.  Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, 2001.
21. Sexton, D. L. and Bowman, N. (1986) The entrepreneur: a capable executive and more, Journal of Business Venturing, 1, 129–40. In Ruhul Amin Salim, Modelling entrepreneurship in, small-scale enterprises, Curtin Business School (CBS), GPO Box U1987, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA 6845, Australia, Applied Economics Letters, 2005, 12, 51–57
22. Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 6.
23. Thomas (2002), Babbie, Lasswell, Holsti, Neuendorf in Saridan Abu Bakar, Mohamed Sulaiman, Intan Osman, Entreprise Factors Contributing to the Success of Malaysia Biotechnology SMEs: A Grounded Theory Approach, Research Paper on 2nd International Conference on Business and Management Research, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, 2006
24. Timmons, J. A. (1982) New venture creation: models and methodologies, in Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship in (Eds) C. A. Kent, D. L. Sexton and K. H. Vesper, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. In Ruhul Amin Salim, Modelling entrepreneurship in, small-scale enterprises, Curtin Business School (CBS), GPO Box U1987, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA 6845, Australia, Applied Economics Letters, 2005, 12, 51–57
25. Weber (1904), Max The Protestant Ethic and “The Spirit of Capitalism” (Penguin Books, 2002) translated by Peter Baehr and Gordon C. Wells, pp.9-12 , in Wikipedia

*Presented in International Indonesia Conference on Innovation Entreprenership and Small Business, ICIES 1 ITB, Bandung, 20-23 July 2009.

Entrepreneurship & Regional Development

Entrepreneurship and regional development

Entrepreneurship and Regional Development
The Voinovich School has a long-standing history of leadership in the development of entrepreneurial support for the Appalachian Ohio region.  Partnering with primary economic development and capital access partners in the public and private sectors, the Voinovich School has become the premier provider of sophisticated business assistance for both start-up and existing businesses. The School’s economic impact on the region is significant and growing:  new companies have been formed, existing companies have expanded, jobs have been created and saved, and new sources of capital investment have been brought to the region.  The School’s expertise in venture development also benefits Ohio University researchers and student innovators in the dynamic technology commercialization process.  From these efforts and results, numerous applied learning opportunities have been created that provide valuable work experience and the development of problem solving skills for students throughout the University.

The School integrates a number of programs into a seamless continuum of business services for entrepreneurs under the overarching Center for Entrepreneurship.  The flagship of the Center’s portfolio is the State-supported technology start-up program TechGROWTH Ohio, a Third Frontier Entrepreneurial Signature Program.  Other important State and federally-supported programs include business start-up assistance for all small businesses through the Small Business Development Center, and assistance through the Procurement Technical Assistance Center to companies of any size seeking to work with the federal government.  

The Voinovich School delivers powerful capacity for expert entrepreneurial education, business assistance, and capital resources in support of venture development in Appalachian Ohio.
SJR indicator vs. Cites per Doc (2y)
The SJR indicator measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is. Cites per Doc. (2y) measures the scientific impact of an average article published in the journal, it is computed using the same formula that journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters).

Citation vs. Self-Citation
Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-citations received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years.

Cites per Document vs. External Cites per Document
Evolution of the number of total cites per document and external cites per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years.

Cites per Document in 2, 3 and 4 years windows
Evolution of Citations per Document to a journal's published documents during the two, three and four previous years. The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.

International Collaboration
International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country.

Journal's Citable vs. Non Citable Documents
Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year windows.

Journal's Cited vs. Uncited Documents
Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.