Exploration pétrolière

Il y a dans l'industrie pétrolière un diction selon lequel « le pétrole se trouve dans la tête des hommes », parce que même à l'aide des techniques scientifiques ..l'exploration du pétrole par l'entreprise canadienne Heritage Oil a commencé ... L'exploration du pétrole suppose que les réserves énormes se trouvent dans u Exploration pétrolière n ...Total est un des leaders mondiaux dans l'industrie du pétrole et du gaz naturel.Exploration et production, raffinage et marketing, gaz & énergies nouvelles,

L'exploration en vue de la découverte de champs ou de gisements de pétrole (dans une roche-réservoir formant un piège à hydrocarbures) est une activité complexe et coûteuse qui exige de bien comprendre le processus géologique qui est à l'origine du pétrole. D'autant que le pétrole se forme dans une roche-mère avant de migrer vers le gisement où il est piégé. Il y a donc des zones géographiques dans lesquelles, en fonction de nos connaissances, il est inutile de prospecter.

 L'exploration pétrolière est le seul moyen d'augmenter véritablement les réserves de pétrole et d'accroître la valeur boursière de la compagnie qui fait la découverte. Mais, pour arriver jusqu'au forage dans la roche-magasin, il faut entreprendre un grand nombre de travaux très coûteux.

- "L'obtention d'un champ de pétrole demande une conjoncture géologique bien particulière: l'accumulation de matière organique en milieu anaérobie ; un enfouissement juste ce qu'il faut, ni trop peu, ni trop profond ; la migration des gouttelettes obtenues par la dégradation biochimique et thermique ; la présence d'une roche poreuse et perméable pour accumuler ces gouttelettes ; finalement, une architecture des couches géologiques qui permet qu'une roche couverture imperméable puisse sceller la roche-réservoir et former le piège. Une première limitation à l'obtention d'un champ de pétrole est la nécessité d'avoir de la matière organique au départ du processus. Or, même si la vie est apparue sur terre il y a au moins 3,5 milliards d'années, l'abondance de matière organique n'existe que depuis à peine 500 à 600 Ma. Il devient donc pratiquement inutile de rechercher du pétrole dans des roches qui sont plus vieilles, comme par exemple dans le bouclier canadien. Même si par la suite toutes les conditions ont été satisfaites, enfouissement, migration, réservoir et pièges, il reste une autre limitation : que les géologues puissent découvrir ce piège. Avec toutes ces conditions, on comprend facilement que l'exploration pétrolière se fonde sur un cheminement complexe comportant toute une suite d'études scientifiques et techniques coûteuses. Il nous faut tenter d'établir si, dans le sous-sol, ce qu'on appelle la sous-surface en géologie du pétrole, il y a des couches qui peuvent avoir servi de roches-mères, s'il y a d'autres couches qui peuvent avoir agi comme réservoirs ou couches imperméables, et si la structure, les plis et les failles, présentent des situation de pièges. La formulation de stratégies d'exploration fait appel à plusieurs secteurs de la géologie et de la géophysique :
- la cartographie géologique de surface pour déterminer les types de roches et le style structural ;
- la paléontologie et la stratigraphie pour bien établir l'âge et la succession des couches sédimentaires ;
- la sédimentologie qui permet de cerner la nature des anciens milieux de dépôt et d'évaluer le potentiel en roches-mères et roches-réservoirs ;
- la géochimie organique qui par l'étude des matières organiques fossiles permet de suivre l'évolution thermique des kérogènes et d'évaluer le potentiel roche-mère de certaines couches géologiques ;
- la géochimie minérale pour évaluer l'évolution de la porosité des roches ;
- la géophysique qui à partir de l'analyse du comportement d'ondes sismiques provoquées en surface permet de tracer des profils sismiques qui donnent une image de la structure des couches géologiques en sous-surface.
Même après toutes ces études, on ne sait toujours pas s'il y a du pétrole : le seul test, c'est le forage, une opération qui se chiffre en million(s) de dollars. Avec ces informations, on comprend plus facilement que l'exploration pétrolière ne soit pas à la portée d'un simple prospecteur, mais qu'elle est faite plutôt par des sociétés et même, le plus souvent, par des consortiums de sociétés pétrolières. (Bourque, Université de Laval, "L'exploration pour les combustibles fossiles : hydrocarbures et charbons", document du web)".
Sur le Cédérom Encyclopédique  vous trouverez les définitions et les textes : Combustibles fossiles. Energie fossile. Gaspillage énergétique. Hydrocarbures. Pic de Hubbert. Vision cognitive du développement. Vision économique du développement. "Géologie Politique".

Affiliate Marketing Programs Make You Income

How do affiliate marketing programs work?,How do affiliate marketing programs work?

More and more people generate extra funds on the web these days. Surprisingly; the world wide web can be a main vehicle for monthly income. But, the issue on countless peoples’ heads is; exactly how do they make money online? Well, the reality is there are many different ways to approach this. One of the more popular ways to earning extra through the web is affiliate advertising programs. Affiliate advertising is basically advertising new product lines that you simply don’t own. A lot of companies and businesses will give you affiliate sales, or a fraction, to those that sell their solutions.

How do affiliate marketing programs work? Well, this just is determined by the company you happen to be dealing with. There are some affiliate programs that will give you 5% of each sale you earn and there are some others that provide entirely up to 50%. It really depends on the business you are dealing with. Depending on the products or services you happen to be promoting, there can be significant amounts of dollars produced in this business. Imagine that you made an affiliate purchase for a weight loss supplement that the customer gets per month. In case the product charges 50 dollars, and you acquire 20 % of each purchase, you can make ten dollars every month off of one purchase.

So far as selling for affiliate marketing programs goes, you’ll need websites. In the event that you currently have a website, or many of them, then you could possibly begin straight away. Let’s say you have a skin care websites that teaches men and women the way to properly cure acne along with other skin imperfection situations. You would likely be checking on affiliate marketing programs that work well with pimple or some other skin care goods. Perhaps you will find solutions you can market on your websites. Based on the number of traffic you receive daily, a large amount of money can be made marketing these products. It could possibly end up lucrative if your product sales tactics are subtle.

Once you deal with affiliate marketing programs, there’ll be a link with a code in it will be given for you. This is how profits are kept track of. If a person clicks the link on your website or blog site, which redirects them to a product or service, you will get a commission rate if they decide to buy it. This is the way affiliate marketing programs do the job, which is relatively basic for anyone to get associated with. Moreover, it does not have to cost you very much money to get going. Lots of affiliate programs are totally no cost. However, you may want to make your affiliate links inconspicuous so that you can assist you to create more sales and profits. Some people don’t like it if they think you are attempting to offer them something.

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Must Before Submit Article Directories

Must  Before Submit  Article Directories,Must  Before Submit  Article Directories,Must  Before Submit  Article Directories
Things You Must Do Before You Submit To Article Directories
To all writers and non-writers out there, now is the time to start digging up those creative writing skills back.
With modern communication technology comes the popularity of information-based marketing, which is one of the oldest and most effective techniques in getting targeted prospects to sites and converting them into buyers. This is why article writing, submissions and publications are also getting popular.
There are already many tools that people can use to make the process of distributing their articles more easily. Though this is invaluable in getting the contents more exposure, which is only half of the story.
Let us take a look first at the common mistakes that some people make before submitting their contents to article directories:
1. Confusing the reason to promote the articles with the reason to write them.
In article writing, there are three key benefits why you are promoting them; branding, lead generation and promotion, which are all part of your optimization efforts.
But there is only one reason why you write an article, and that is to inform your audience. If the article is not focused on this primary and most important purpose, it will fail to achieve the three promotion benefits because no one will be interested in reading them.
You need to figure out first how to get people to read what is in your article, then make them click on your resource box. You can achieve this by producing better contents.
2. Failing to maximize the promotional opportunities of article marketing.
You may know already that your articles can help you generate additional links back to your site. But do you know that you can get more visitors and better search engine results from that same articles?
Mention keywords at strategic places. Just be sure not to overdo them. Some are even using anchor texts which is also an effective method. But it is important to know that majority of the directories are not able to support this.
Remember that is not only about the links back to your site. Part of doing well in your article marketing is getting picked up by publishers with a large number of audiences and gaining the ability of leveraging other brands because of the quality of your work. Better search engine results also are great benefits.
But these things do not put much money in your pocket. There are other factors that can turn your article marketing efforts into an opportunity that can boost your earnings. Not just increase the number of visitors to your site.
Start out with a plan and see to it that your article will serve the function that you intended it to have.
3. Publishing content that does not help your readers.
Maybe in the process of writing articles, you are thinking that all that is you wanted is links back to your site. And any visitors it can generate are fine.
Guess what? Not all article banks and directories are going to accept your content automatically. Oftentimes, they have some guidelines and specifications on the articles that they are accepting.
You can double the number of sites you can submit to by writing articles that the directories want to share with other people. All it takes is one publisher with a hundred thousand readers to increase your potential audience overnight.
Write the articles that publishers want in their publications if you want your article marketing to work the most effective way for you. This also means you have to obey the standard guidelines, spell checks, researching on a good topic and even hiring a writer to produce a good content on your behalf.
In the end, it is all really a matter of choice on your part. You can start getting a little exposure from increased links back but on a very basic level. Or enjoy massive exposure from a little extra time making quality contents.
It will be your choice. You may not be aware of the fact that an article submitted on directories is not meant to have the same level of exposure as highly-targeted content ones geared on a narrow group of people.
Learn the difference between these two and it will surely help you know what kinds of articles to write and to submit.

Internet Cliché Award is the information high way

Internet Cliché Award is the information high way,Internet Cliché Award is the information high way,Internet Cliché Award is the information high way












The internet is the information high way, this phrase has been used so may time it should be nominated for the Internet Cliché Award. People that go to the internet are subdivided into groups, but generally, they are out to search information. Whether for gaming, business, fun or anything else the internet has provided us with information that has proved to be very beneficial.

Through the recent years many people have learned the secrets of Search Engine Optimization. More and more sites have seen the effects articles have done for the traffic of their sites. Some have even created sites devoted entirely to providing articles that could be read by their website visitors and have links that could lead to many sites that are related to the topics and subjects of the articles.

For example, the sites may feature many articles about a whole lot of topics. As a website visitor reads the articles they have searched for, they can find at the end of the article a resource box that can be clicked on to link them to the site that has submitted the article. Of course the article would be in relation to the site. Lets say if the article is about rotating the tires, the resource box may lead to a link to a site that sells tires or car parts.

A resource box is what you usually find at the end of an article. They will contain the name of the author, a brief description of the author, a brief description of the sponsoring site and a link. If a reader likes what they read, they would have the tendency to find out where the article came from to read more. The resource bow will be their link to the source of the article and this will entice them to go to the site and do some more reading or research for the subject or topic they are interested in.

But like the article itself, the resource box must also be eye-catching to demand the attention and interest of the reader. While the resource bow encompasses only a small space, providing the right keywords and content for your resource box will provide more prodding for the reader to go to your site.

Now we know what resource boxes are, what are the benefits of having a good resource box? Mainly its driving traffic to your site. Many sites would allow articles to be placed in their sites because they can make use of the articles to fill their pages. They also get affiliation with other sites that can be beneficial for them as well. For the sponsoring site, when you get people to click on your resource box, you generate traffic that can be counted upon as potential customers.

So what would be a good content for your resource box? Basically it is keywords, learning about the proper keywords that people are mainly searching for. There are many tools you can find in the internet that can help you in determining what keywords to use.

Resource boxes can also make use of all the creativity it can get. You only get a small space for your resource box so you better make the most of it. Try to catch the attention of your reader with resource box content that can make them give a second look. Unlike TV ads, you don’t have visual aids to drive your point in. But you do have the power of imagination of a reader. With the right content, you can make them think and intrigued.

Another tip is to use keywords that should be related to your site. Do not mislead your potential website visitors. Build your credibility so that more people would get enticed to visit your site and browse what you have to offer. Make the people click your resource box by providing resource box content that makes a lasting impression. You only get one chance to wow them and hundreds of chances to repulse them.

Never underestimate the power of the resource box. It may be small in size but they will provide a significant aid in driving traffic to your site. A boring resource box will never get a job done. Be fun and creative but at the same time show that you have a great deal to offer, too much to ask for something that couldn’t fit a paragraph? Yes and no, there are many tips and guides that can help you in doing this, the first step is realizing how important a resource box could be in making people click your link and be directed to your site.

Importance of articles in today

Importance of articles in today,Importance of articles in today,Importance of articles in today

The importance of articles in today’s websites and internet based companies are immeasurable. They dictate a lot in the success and the drive of traffic into one’s site.   It has become a key element in making a site work and earns a profit. A website operator and owner must have the good sense to include articles in his or her site that will work for them and earn them the many benefits articles can give to their site.

Articles have been known to be the driving force in driving traffic to a website. Articles are a factor in giving site high rankings in search result pages. The higher a site ranks the bigger slice of the traffic flow pie he gets. With a huge number in traffic flow, there are more profits and more potential for other income generating schemes as well.

But, it is not just about stuffing your site with articles; they have certain requirements as well. These requirements must be met to obtain the maximum benefits an article will provide for your site. A well written article will catch the eyes and interest of your customers and keep them coming back for more.  They would also be able to recommend your site to others.

Here are some tips to help you and assist you in making your articles. Below you will read about four things all articles must have to make it successful and helpful in making your site a profit earning and traffic overflowing site.

• Keywords and Keyword Phrases.

An article must always be centered on the keywords and keyword phrases. As each website visitor goes to a site, there are those who are just merely browsing but actually looking for a specific something. When this happens, a searcher usually goes to a search engine and types in the keywords they are looking for (e.g. Toyota Camry, Meningitis, Tax Lawyer and Etcetera). It could be anything they want.

The Important thing is that you have an article that has the keywords that are related to your site. For example, if you maintain an auto parts site, you must be able t have articles about cars and their parts.  There are many tools in the internet that provides service in helping a webmaster out in determining what keywords and keyword phrases are mostly sought out. You can use this tool to determine what keywords to use and write about.  

• Keyword Density

Know that you have your keywords and keyword phrases, you must use them fully. An article must have good keyword density for a search engine to “feel” its presence. Articles should at least have ten to fifteen percent of keyword density in their content for search engines to rank a site high in their search results. Getting a high rank is what articles do best for a site.

Keyword density is the number of times a keyword or keyword phrase is used on an article. The number varies depending on the number of words used in an article. An effective article must have a keyword density that is not too high or too low. With a very high density, the essence of the article is lost and may turn off a reader as well as the search engines. It comes off as overeager. A low number may be ignored by the search engines.

• Good Article Content

Like what is stated above, you cannot just riddle an article with keywords. They must also be regarded as good reading materials. Articles must be able to entertain people as well as provide good information and help for their needs. Articles should be written well with correct spelling and good grammar. If you want people to trust you, make your work good and well thought out.

People respond well to figures, facts and statistics. Try to get great information and as many facts as you can. A good and well written article will boost your reputation as an expert in your chosen field or topic. As more people believe in you. They will be able to trust you and your products.

• Linking Articles

And another important thing to remember. If you are going to submit articles to ezines and/or contribute your articles to newsletters and other sites, DON’T ever forget to include a link to your site. A little resource box with a brief description of your site and you should always be placed right after your articles that you have submitted. If people like your articles, they will most likely click on the link directing them to your site.

Easiest Way to Create Public Domain

Easiest Way to Create Public Domain,Easiest Way to Create Public Domain,Easiest Way to Create Public Domain

There are many webmasters that find writing articles for their site to be a very tedious task. Many people who need to write articles also procrastinate as much as they can to delay the amount of writing they need to do. Many people dread writing articles because they find researching for the topic and writing down original materials will be too taxing on them.

You need to have your creative juices flowing and simply downloading an article would be plagiarism or tantamount to stealing, not exactly. Have you ever heard about public domain? These are articles written down by many authors that have declared their works to be public domain, which means anybody can use it for whatever purpose they want.

While most authors would prefer to copyright their work for their rights, there are also a number who doesn’t mind sharing their work. Public domain articles are not owned by anybody and can be used and abused by anyone. The writers have waived their rights to their works and it is out there for the public to make use of.

You can use public domain articles in helping you write your articles. With the public domain articles you can simply edit them to your own style and rewrite them as you please to make it suitable for your needs. All the ideas are there already and its just a matter of finding the write article with the topic or subject you need.

This is probably the easiest way to write articles. You don’t need to scour around the library or the internet for hours for information and start an article from scratch. For webmasters who are looking for articles to fill their site and to generate a high ranking for their website in search engine results, they can just modify the article by infusing keywords and keyword phrases related to their site.

A webmaster or website operator do not risk any chance of getting sued for copyright infringement because they are public domain, once again meaning that anybody can use it. Writing articles by using public domain wont require as much work as writing one from scratch would. You save a lot of time also.

One good factor in using public domain articles for your site or for any project is that you save a lot of money. You dismiss the need to hire experienced and seasoned writers that some website operators use to write their articles.  While a single five hundred worded article would only set you down 10 to 15 dollars, this cost will drastically increase when you need hundreds of articles to fill the needs of your site.

For those who needs articles to generate newsletters or an e-zine, public domain articles will be very beneficial. You do not need to count on your contributors or pay writers to write down articles for your newsletter or e-zine. You can fill all the pages without any cost or the worry of being sued and sought after by the writers. You can simply copy the articles and place them on your newsletter and e-zine.

Public domain articles are a virtual untapped resource that many people fail to realize the true value. The power of articles, keywords and keyword phrases have been deemed invaluable these past few years for many internet based businesses and sites that want to rank high in search engine results.

The number of article and content writers have grown significantly due to the rise in the demand for articles. As newer and newer topics and subjects have arisen, there are many demands for new articles to be written. An industry has been formed and this is a worldwide demand.

Public domain articles have given a great alternative for those who are cash strapped as well as do not have the time nor the skills to do their articles for themselves.

Searching for public domain articles is as easy as 1 – 2 – 3. You can search for them in search engines and do searches in many directories for the topic or subject that you need. Read them and simpy copy paste them to a word processing program and simply edit them to suit your needs.